What drug is clonazepam like in terms of effects? And how do you measure it? "In terms of the effects drug on sleep, we generally do not have good clinical data on sleep and drug interaction," says Dr. Andrew Freedman, professor of psychiatry at the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. In the United States, FDA is supposed to review any new drug that could affect sleep, but since the drugs are used in such diverse conditions -- including depression, migraines and insomnia -- it has historically failed to do so, according Freedman. The FDA does approve drugs used to treat depression as sleep medications under Schedule II -- which has the lowest level of drug requirements. And it approves drugs for migraines that can cause drowsiness as part of their action in Schedule V. In the case of clonazepam, there are still questions about sleep. The drug's action might disrupt sleep by making users drowsy or it might simply interfere with the normal body clock that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, but that's a debate that still rages in the medical literature. Drug interaction is something that should be studied when drugs are administered to treat two different conditions -- it may explain the discrepancy between side effects of sleeping pills and drugs that may have been misused to treat depression, Freedman says. "If there are different side effects of medications and sleeping pills [in terms of the sleep cycle] we need to examine the interaction." "It is extremely important to examine any potential interaction between a medication and sleep-wake cycle in the context of a clinical trial in which people are exposed to the medication in combination with other therapies," he says. "We have seen that there is no evidence medication and sleep affect one another in most patients, but that has not been enough to overcome many of the obstacles that remain. Dr. Mark A. Rea, professor and chairman of psychiatry at UCLA's Neuropsychiatric Institute and former senior investigator at Columbia University's Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, says, "I would recommend that people avoid using insomnia medications, but I would also recommend that people with insomnia not avoid them." As for whether or not there is a sleep-drug interaction, "I don't know that there is. We just don't have enough evidence to show the Where to buy generic viagra in australia difference between sleeping pills that interact and ones where interaction is not likely," he says. "It's a very hard question." Freedman says he and other experts believe there is an association between sleep and the sleep-wake cycle, but there is very little evidence. And there is no consensus on why. "I have seen the case, many years ago, where someone has taken sleeping pills with a pill and then had sleep study in which they had normal sleep and then their blood pressure was elevated for many days and it was linked to their drug," says Freedman. "It is not that it happens every time; there is more chance of a coincidental connection." The sleep cycle is regulated in different ways for people, and some it is even a bit more complicated than for others. In those with sleep disorders such as apnea, for example, sleep can be fragmented; and there are a lot of people who are "slow to fall asleep and are not able to achieve sleep for the first two or three hours," Freedman says. And for some people, sleeping pills may cause them to go sleep in a different hour of the night. Freedman adds, "I'm really not suggesting that anyone should start taking sleeping pills and then try to avoid them for several days, or that you should just go to bed at 8 p.m. and wake up at 7 a.m. But I think it's important that we understand the interaction between medications that affect sleep and the cycle." One of the first drugs to affect sleep was a drug called chlorpheniramine (Chlortril). Chlorpheniramine has a very mild action that doesn't disrupt the normal sleep-wake cycle -- but it did have some side effects, says Dr. William O'Brien, professor and director of the Sleep, Wake, & Sleep Disorders Center at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Chlorpheniramine is an anticholinergic drug that interferes with the central nervous system (CNS) that regulates sleep. It works by changing the way neurons function. "It blocks the ability of neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves to transmit messages between neurons in the brain and spinal cord," O'Brien explains. "There is no question that chlorpheniramine interferes with brain function, but it is not a sleep-inducing effect." In the 1980s, doctors noticed a sudden increase in sleepiness patients taking chlorpheniramine. The could be so severe that patients had.

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